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During the German occupation of Luxembourg in World War II, some Luxembourgers collaborated with the country's Nazi occupiers. The term ''Gielemännchen'' ("yellow men") was adopted by many Luxembourgers, first to describe German Nazis in general, and later for Luxembourgish collaborators. The term came from the yellow uniforms of the Nazi Party. Their number, however, was limited. == Pre-war period == In the inter-war period, Luxembourg saw several fascist movements being established, much like the rest of Western Europe. These generally had the following traits in common: they were nationalist, anti-Semitic, and hostile towards both capitalism and communism, and were made up of the lower middle class. In Luxembourg, they included a number of minuscule, unsuccessful movements such as the ''Faschistische Partei Luxemburg'' and the ''Luxemburgische Nationale Arbeiter- und Mittelstandsbewegung'', but also two more significant organisations: the Luxembourgish National Party (LNP) published the first edition of the ''National-Echo'' in 1936. After this high point, though, its history was marked by quarrels and a lack of funds, and a year later it had faded into obscurity, while attempts to revive it during the German occupation failed.〔 The ''Luxemburger Volksjugend'' (LVJ) / ''Stoßtrupp Lützelburg'' was more successful in gathering a determined core of young people, who followed Nazi ideology and saw Adolf Hitler as their leader.〔 A less overtly political organisation was the ''Luxemburger Gesellschaft für deutsche Literatur und Kunst'' (GEDELIT - "Society for German Literature and Art"), which likewise served as a recruitment source for later collaborators. GEDELIT was founded in 1934, in order to counter the activities of the highly successful Alliance française. From its inception, GEDELIT was under suspicion of being a tool of Nazi Germany, and an apologist for the latter's actions.〔 However, the extent of these pre-war organisations' influence on the behaviour of the general population in occupied Luxembourg, as well as the continuity (or lack thereof) between these groups and the ''Volksdeutsche Bewegung'' or Luxembourgish sections of the NSDAP, remain unclear. Only the LVJ was politically successful, changing its name to the ''Volksjugend'' in 1940 and being incorporated into the ''Hitlerjugend'' in 1941. The historian Émile Krier has maintained that the ''Volksdeutsche Bewegung'' made use of existing pre-war networks when it was founded: Damian Kratzenberg, for example, was the head of GEDELIT, and became head of the country's section of the VdB. However, the evidence for the grassroots membership of the VdB having been members of previous fascist organisations is inconclusive.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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